Loading technologies…
Loading technologies…
Technology library
Choose an architecture by following the complete heat path, its practical density range, facility dependencies, advantages, and operating trade-offs.
Use this section to decide
Where does this architecture remove heat, and where does that heat go next?
What must change in the server, rack, room, and heat-rejection plant?
Which density, retrofit, and operating conditions make the trade worthwhile?
Featured records first, then the section's own editorial order.
| Record | Maturity | Coolant | Typical density | Suppliers | Equipment | Fields addressed | Evidence | Sources | Reviewed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct-to-chip liquid cooling | Scaling | Water, usually with glycol, in the loop that reaches the servers | Commonly selected for 50–150+ kW AI racks | 6 | 3 | 5/5 | Independently reported | 1 | |
| Single-phase immersion cooling | Scaling | A dielectric oil or engineered fluid | Vendor tank ratings vary widely with water temperature and configuration | 5 | 3 | 5/5 | Independently reported | 1 |
| Two-phase direct-to-chip cooling | Emerging | A dielectric fluid that does not conduct electricity | Positioned for 80–250+ kW racks | 2 | 2 | 5/5 | Supplier reported | 1 |
|---|
| Data-center heat reuse | Scaling | Warm water, usually raised further by a heat pump | Works best at campus scale with a steady heat customer nearby | 4 | 3 | 5/5 | Supplier reported | 1 |
|---|
| Dry cooling | Established | Outside air blown across a water or glycol coil | A plant-wide system, sized to the site's total heat load | 3 | 3 | 5/5 | Supplier reported | 1 |
|---|
| Evaporative cooling | Established | Air, cooled by evaporating water | A plant-wide system; rack density depends on how it is distributed | 2 | 3 | 5/5 | Supplier reported | 1 |
|---|
| Hybrid air and liquid cooling | Scaling | Liquid at the processors, cooled air for everything else | Broadly applicable from 30–150+ kW racks | 4 | 3 | 5/5 | Supplier reported | 1 |
|---|
| Precision liquid cooling | Emerging | A dielectric fluid that does not conduct electricity | Edge, telecom, and dense rack deployments | 1 | 2 | 5/5 | Supplier reported | 1 |
|---|
| Rear-door heat exchangers | Established | Building water, or a separate water loop | Commonly applied to 30–100+ kW racks | 4 | 3 | 5/5 | Supplier reported | 1 |
|---|
| Two-phase immersion cooling | Emerging | A dielectric fluid chosen to boil at a low temperature | Specialized high-density deployments; no common rating basis | 0 | 3 | 4/5 | Independently reported | 1 |
|---|